Confusing rules and patchy regional setups have seen UK clean air zones dish out over 9.6 million penalty charge notices across just three cities.
Freedom of Information data reveals that London, Bradford, and Portsmouth have generated millions of penalties since their cameras went live, with more than 300,000 repeat offences logged.
While low emission zones deliver proven public health and air quality benefits, the patchwork of local standards across England and Scotland is leaving everyday drivers and visiting business fleets seriously confused.
With cameras issuing 120 pound fines before drivers even have time to park, motoring groups are urging everyone to run their plates through official vehicle checkers before setting off on long cross country runs.